 If you liked
Uchuu Kyoudai
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 ...then you might like
Tsuki to Laika to Nosferatu
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Both anime talk about characters dreaming to become astronauts / cosmonauts and some day reach the moon. They also both talk about the process to become an astronaut and all the hard training to it.
Uchuu Kyoudai have much more focus on the astronaut training process if you are looking for a more realistic approach on this subject.